30 Types of Turtles Found in Alabama! (ID Guide)
“What kinds of turtles can you find in Alabama?”
I was amazed at the number of turtle species there are in Alabama!
In fact, there are so many species I have broken them down into a few different categories.
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Freshwater Turtles (#1-22)
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Box Turtles (#23-25)
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Sea Turtles (#26-30)
30 kinds of turtles in Alabama:
Freshwater Turtles in Alabama:
Freshwater Turtles make up the largest group of turtles native to Alabama. They are strong swimmers and spend most of their lives in or very near water.
#1. Common Snapping Turtle
- Chelydra serpentina
Identifying Characteristics:
- Weighs 10 to 35 lbs. and is 8 to 18 1/2 inches long.
- The snapping turtle has a long tail, chunky head, and large webbed feet.
- The carapace (upper shell) coloring is black, brown, or olive with no distinct pattern.
Snapping Turtles are widespread throughout Alabama.
Look for them living in marshes, lakes, ponds, rivers, and slow streams. They prefer areas with plenty of aquatic vegetation to hide in, and insects, fish, frogs, and birds to eat.
Snapping Turtle Rangemap:
Credit: Virginia Herpetological Society
Snapping Turtles are best known for their powerful jaws. While there aren’t any recorded incidents of one of their bites causing amputation to a person, it can cause infections serious enough to require an amputation. In fact, their jaws are so strong that snapping turtles commonly eat other turtles!
These turtles are usually docile but will become very aggressive if removed from the water. One of the best ways to calm an aggressive individual is to place it back into the water, where it can feel safe. I know I have personally picked them up with a large snow shovel to get them off the road and back to safety!
#2. Alligator Snapping Turtle
- Macrochelys temminckii
Identifying Characteristics:
- Weighs 35 to 115 lbs. and is 15 to 20 inches long.
- Alligator Snapping Turtles have long, tough shells with triangular ridges resembling an alligator’s back.
- The carapace coloring is black, brown, or olive. The green tips of the carapace are not natural coloring, but algae!
Alligator Snapping Turtles are larger than Common Snapping Turtles but don’t bite as often. They prefer living in the deeper water of canals, rivers, swamps, and lakes.
Alligator Snapping Turtle Rangemap:
This species is the largest freshwater turtle found in Alabama!
These massive reptiles can grow up to 115 pounds in weight and grow to be two feet in length.
Alligator Snapping Turtles have an interesting way of finding food. Instead of hunting, they often lie on the bottom of a body of water and lure fish with a pink worm-like appendage in their mouth! Once their prey gets close enough, they ambush their meal.
The Alligator Snapping Turtle’s powerful jaws can bite with 1,000 lbs of force!
So let’s put this in perspective. If you were bitten by one of these large turtles, it would have the same force as having a small car dropped on it! As you can imagine, they are extremely dangerous and should never be handled in the wild. Their bite has severely injured even professionals and very experienced herpetologists!
An additional snapping turtle species can be found in Alabama. The Apalachicola Alligator Snapping Turtle (Macrochelys apalachicolae) is similar in looks to the Common Snapping Turtle, but is actually more closely related to the Alligator Snapping Turtle!
#3. Painted Turtle
- Chrysemys picta
Identifying Characteristics:
- 2.5 to 10 inches long.
- The carapace is low to the ground and generally dark brown or black.
- As the name suggests, they have distinctive yellow, green, and red striping on the carapace, head, and limbs.
The Painted Turtle is one of the most recognizable turtles in Alabama because of its beautiful coloring! Look for the bright reds and yellow-greens on its shell, limbs, and head.
Painted Turtles live near water with minimal movement, such as ponds, marshes, small lakes, and slow-moving streams with sandy bottoms. They are attracted to areas with plenty of aquatic plants, which is their primary food source.
Painted Turtle Rangemap:
It is almost impossible to assess the population of Painted Turtles in Alabama accurately. Many people keep them as pets and then release them into the wild, causing an ever-expanding range and unstable reproduction rates. These released turtles can also put pressure on natural populations.
In the wild, Painted Turtles can hold their breath for up to 30 hours in temperate water!
They also have the ability to remain dormant in near-freezing water for up to 4 months. This ability is essential when temperatures often go below freezing.
#4. Southern Painted Turtle
- Chrysemys dorsalis
Identifying Characteristics:
- 4 to 5 inches long.
- A distinctive red or orange stripe down the back of the shell.
- A plain, pale-yellow plastron (tough belly skin) that is sometimes lightly spotted.
The Southern Painted Turtle is the smallest painted turtle species in Alabama!
These turtles are often kept as pets because of their small size and unique coloring. However, in the wild, they live on the edge of lakes and streams.
Southern Painted Turtle Rangemap:
Interestingly, the Southern Painted Turtle’s diet changes as it grows.
Young hatchlings and juveniles have a diet that is 1/4 vegetation and 3/4 animal matter. Then, as adults, it switches, and about 3/4 of their diet is made up of vegetation! Some common food sources for them are duckweed, algae, young crayfish, and dragonfly larvae.
Like many species of turtles in Alabama, they can live for a very long time! It is normal for this species to live 50 or more years! Because of this fact, many people who purchase a Southern Painted Turtle as a pet end up releasing them back into the wild. 🙁
#5. Ouachita Map Turtle
- Graptemys ouachitensis
Identifying Characteristics:
- Females are up to 9.5 inches long. Males are much smaller, only 2.75 to 5.5 inches long.
- Thin yellowish lines form a web on the carapace, similar to a contour elevation map. This is how map turtles get their name.
- Coloring is usually brown to olive, with a light spot under each eye.
The easiest way to tell an Ouachita Map Turtle apart from other map turtles is to look at the dots on its face. Ouachita Map Turtles have three prominent spots – one behind the eye, one under the eye, and one under the jawline.
These turtles live in far northern Alabama in the swift rivers and streams that form the Mississippi River and its tributaries. It prefers sandy or silt-bottomed water as opposed to rocky or muddy.
Ouachita Map Turtle Rangemap:
The Ouachita Map Turtle is named after the river where it was discovered, and it is pronounced WAH-chi-tah, sort of like Wichita!
#6. Alabama Map Turtle
- Graptemys pulchra
Identifying Characteristics:
- Females are 7 to 11.5 inches long. Males are 3.5 to 5.25 inches long.
Alabama Map Turtle Rangemap:
To identify an Alabama Map Turtle, you should look for the spiny black line running down the middle of the carapace. This species ONLY lives in the Mobile Bay Drainage system.
#7. Black-Knobbed Map Turtle
- Graptemys migrinoda
Identifying Characteristics:
- Females are 4 to 8.75 inches long. Males are 3.5 to 4.75 inches long.
Black-Knobbed Map Turtle Rangemap:
The Black-Knobbed Map Turtle’s preferred habitat is sandy-bottomed river systems in Alabama. To identify this species, look for the black knobs or spines along the middle of the back.
#8. Barbour’s Map Turtle
- Graptemys barbouri
Identifying Characteristics:
- Females are 7 to 10.75 inches long. Males are much smaller, only 3.5 to 5.25 inches long.
- The females’ heads are extremely large compared with other map turtles.
- The carapace coloring is light brown to olive green, sometimes with lighter “C” shaped markings.
Barbour’s Map Turtles are limited to a few river systems in southern Alabama.
They are common within their range but are still considered a vulnerable species because their range is so limited. Your best chance to see a Barbour’s Map Turtle is to catch one basking on a log close to the riverbank.
#9. Escambia Map Turtle
- Graptemys ernsti
Identifying Characteristics:
- Females are up to 11.25 inches long. Males are much smaller, only 2.75 to 5 inches long.
- There is a light blotch behind the eyes, separate from the other lines on the head.
- The carapace is olive green with a dark brown to black stripe along the keel.
The Escambia Map Turtle is found in southern Alabama, in large rivers with sandy bottoms. Its diet is carnivorous, and males prefer insects or their larvae, while females eat primarily mussels and clams.
Escambia Map Turtles have a limited range in Alabama. They are closely related to the Barbour’s Map Turtle, and even cross-breed with the species where their ranges overlap!
They are ONLY found in river systems that drain into the Escambia Bay, which is how this species got its name!
#10. Diamond-Backed Terrapin
- Malaclemys terrapin
Identifying Characteristics:
- Females are 6 to 9.25 inches; males are 4 to 5.5 inches.
- Concentric rings are formed in each carapace section, either as grooves and ridges or alternating light and dark lines.
- Skin is gray with black flecks and spots over the limbs and head.
Diamond-Backed Terrapins are the ONLY freshwater turtle in Alabama adapted to live in salty water!
They are found along the coast in salt marshes, tidal flats, brackish streams, and barrier beaches. Incredibly, they can also live in full-strength saltwater for extended amounts of time.
Diamond-Backed Terrapin Rangemap:
Diamond-Backed Terrapins have evolved to be extremely well-adapted to life in saltier coastal waters, even though they look similar to their freshwater cousins. For example, here are a few unique ways they obtain fresh drinking water.
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They will drink the top layer of freshwater that forms on brackish or saltwater when it rains.
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They tip their heads up with open mouths to catch raindrops as they fall!
There are SEVEN different subspecies of Diamond-Backed Terrapins. They are separated by their location along the east coast, ranging from New England all the way to the Gulf of Mexico. The only subspecies in Alabama is the Mississippi Diamond-Backed Terrapin (M. t. pileata). The carapace is the darkest of the sub-species, usually almost uniformly black.
In the video below, you can see examples of many sub-species of Diamond-Backed Terrapins!
#11. River Cooter
- Pseudemys concinna
Identifying Characteristics:
- 9 to 13 inches long.
- The carapace is brown to olive or dark green, with lighter c-shaped and concentric markings in the scutes (sections).
- Five lighter-colored stripes between the eyes.
River Cooters are highly omnivorous and will eat almost anything they can swallow!
This includes aquatic vegetation, land plant matter, and animals both alive and dead! They are enthusiastic hunters and will go to land to catch insects or worms, then return to the water to eat them.
Eastern River Cooter Rangemap:
Credit: Virginia Herpetological Society
Despite their large appetites and aggressive hunting style, these turtles share their habitat in Alabama with many other turtle species. In fact, they are often seen basking in groups with Painted Turtles and sliders. River Cooters are even seen stacked on top of one another!
When it comes to breeding, the female River Cooter is very selective! Males have a sort of “dance” they do when trying to mate with a female, vibrating its long nails and waving its arms in the female’s face. Often, she will ignore potential mates who try to court her until one meets her approval! You can see an example of this behavior below.
#12. Coastal Plain Cooter
- Pseudemys floridana
Identifying Characteristics:
- 9 to 13 inches long. The record is 16 inches.
- The carapace is brown to olive or dark green.
- Light vertical stripes on the carapace differentiate the Coastal Plain Cooter from its cousins.
The Coastal Plain Cooter is one of the largest cooter turtle species in Alabama!
Coastal Plain Cooters live in lakes, swamps, marshes, and rivers. They are primarily herbivorous, but they will eat insects if they are abundant and easily caught.
Coastal Plain Cooter Rangemap:
Credit: Virginia Herpetological Society
This turtle is in decline in Alabama due to excessive hunting for the meat and pet trades.
It’s estimated that 60% of Coastal Plain Cooters sold as pets (or for consumption) are wild specimens that have been hunted or captured. Many states now list this species as protected, which is helping preserve the remaining population.
#13. Alabama Red-Bellied Cooter
- Pseudemys alabamensis
Identifying Characteristics:
- 8 to 12 inches long.
- The carapace has yellow or red broad stripes on an olive green base.
- The head has a thin arrow-shaped marking, with the tip pointing toward the snout.
The Alabama Red-Bellied Cooter is found in shallow, fresh water in southern Alabama. Occasionally, you might find one in slightly brackish water.
By: Josh Roswell/U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service By Nthnjustice – Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0
They are herbivores whose diet mainly consists of aquatic plants and algae, although they will also eat land vegetation while basking and nesting. The Alabama Red-Bellied Cooter is easiest to find while it’s foraging for food. Look for red or yellow horizontal stripes on its carapace, and a red or dusky pink plastron.
#14. Pond Slider
- Trachemys scripta
Identifying Characteristics:
- 5 to 8 inches long.
- The carapace is usually patterned with concentric rings, red, olive to green, black, and brown sections.
- Yellow to orange markings on the belly and sides are almost always present.
The native habitat of the Pond Slider is lakes, ponds, rivers, and streams. It prefers water with plenty of logs, branches, or vegetation to bask on and often can be seen in large groups.
Pond Slider Rangemap:
The Pond Slider, specifically the subspecies Red-Eared Slider, is the most widely introduced turtle in the world.
This species is commonly purchased as a pet and then released into the wild when it gets too large or difficult to take care of. Unfortunately, they can cause damage and put pressure on natural ecosystems.
The Red-Eared Slider is also commonly mistaken for the Painted Turtle because of its red marking at the jawline and brightly colored stripes. However, the carapaces of sliders are much more rounded and helmet-like, and they commonly get larger than Painted Turtles in captivity.
#15. Spiny Softshell Turtle
- Apalone spinifera
Identifying Characteristics:
- Females are 7 to 21.25 inches long; males are 5 to 12.25 inches long.
- The carapace is flexible with a rough sandpaper texture, with a single row of spines or cones along the middle of the back. There is also a row of pointed tooth-like appendages on the edge of the carapace.
- Coloring is olive, gray, or brown with black spots on some individuals.
Look for these turtles in Alabama in lakes, rivers, and streams with sandy or muddy bottoms and little or no vegetation. I often see them sunning themselves on the banks while kayaking down slow-moving rivers.
Spiny Softshell Turtle Rangemap:
Spiny Softshell Turtles will eat anything in the water they can swallow, including insects, crayfish, and even small fish! To catch a meal, this species buries itself in mud or sand with only its head uncovered and grabs its food as it swims by.
Spiny Softshell Turtles can “breathe” underwater by absorbing oxygen through the skin of their throats. This is a useful adaptation because they spend very little time out of the water, even sunning themselves in shallows or floating on the surface.
Along with the ability to absorb oxygen through its skin, the Spiny Softshell Turtle has some other unique adaptations that make it perfectly suited for its environment. Its leathery shell is extremely flat, and it has webbed feet and long claws, which allow it to swim quickly away from predators and bury itself in the muddy bottom.
Its most unique feature is its nose, which is long and snout-like! It can poke its nostrils out of the water and stay completely submerged to protect itself from hungry predators!
A closely related and almost identical-looking species, the Florida Softshell Turtle (Apalone ferox), shares the same habitat preferences as the Spiny Softshell Turtle. However, it has a much more limited range, and is usually slightly larger than its close cousin.
#16. Smooth Softshell Turtle
- Apalone mutica
Identifying Characteristics:
- Females are 6.5 to 14 inches long; males are 4.5 to 10.5 inches long.
- The coloring of the carapace is gray to olive. Females have dark gray to brown or olive mottling.
- The carapace is rubbery and smooth, with no spines or projections on the back.
Smooth Softshell Turtles prefer larger, fast-running rivers, but they can also be found in lakes and large ponds. They are particularly susceptible to damage caused by polluted water and face habitat threats because of this.
Smooth Softshell Turtle Rangemap:
On land, they are the fastest turtle in Alabama!
Though most people assume that all turtles are slow-moving, the Smooth Softshell Turtle must be quick to outrun predators since its soft shell doesn’t provide much protection. Seriously, you need to look at this video to see just how fast they can run!
It is also a powerful swimmer and can move through the water at up to 12 miles per hour!
A close relative of the Smooth Softshell Turtle is the Gulf Coast Smooth Softshell Turtle (Apalone calvata). The main difference between the two species is their size; Gulf Coast Smooth Softshells generally only reach about 12 inches long.
If you spot a Softshell Turtle and you aren’t sure what type it is based on its size, take a look at its snout! The Gulf Coast species has no lines on its face, while the Smooth Softshell Turtle does.
#17. Eastern Mud Turtle
- Kinsternon subrubrum
Identifying Characteristics:
- 2.75 to 4.75 inches long.
- The carapace is smooth, with black or olive coloring. The belly is yellowish-brown, sometimes with black or dark brown markings.
- Hatchlings have a rough carapace with more coloring that fades as the turtle grows.
Eastern Mud Turtles live in Alabama in shallow water, such as ditches, wet meadows, marshes, and swamps. As their name suggests, they prefer muddy, silty-bottomed water over sandy or gravelly.
Eastern Mud Turtle Rangemap:
Because the Eastern Mud Turtle is small and nondescript, it can be hard to identify. One feature that sets it apart from other species is the hinges on its lower shell, called a plastron, and forms two “K” shapes when viewed from the side. To see what I am talking about, take a look at the video below!
Unlike most other turtles, the Eastern Mud Turtle does not hibernate during cold winter months. In fact, it does the opposite! Instead, these turtles become dormant during the hottest part of the year! This is called estivation.
#18. Eastern Musk Turtle
- Sternotherus odoratus
Identifying Characteristics:
- 2 to 4.5 inches long.
- The head features two light stripes set on very dark brown or black skin.
- The carapace can range from light olive to almost black, with irregular black markings.
The habitat for these turtles in Alabama is slow-moving, sluggish streams and still bodies of water. It prefers areas with dark crevices where it can hide, and lots of plant matter to burrow in.
Eastern Musk Turtle Rangemap:
If you happen to disturb an Eastern Musk Turtle, it probably won’t take you long to identify it. As its name suggests, when threatened, they emit a foul, musky odor. This scent can be detected on land, in water, and even waft through the air to ward off predators.
In fact, in other areas, they are even known by another name – Stinkpot!
Another unique feature of the Eastern Musk Turtle is that it can climb trees! Individuals have been observed fairly high up in the branches. They climb to avoid predators and find a safe place to rest.
#19. Flattened Musk Turtle
- Sternotherus depressus
Identifying Characteristics:
- 3 to 4 inches long.
- The carapace is flat on top, with rounded edges.
- The scutes on the carapace overlap slightly, giving the shell a ridged look.
The Flattened Musk Turtle is ONLY found in Alabama! In fact, its range is limited to the Black Warrior River system.
Flattened Musk Turtles have experienced extreme population decline because of erosion from strip mining in their natural habitat. Unfortunately, this habitat loss has caused almost 70% of the species’ population to become extirpated (locally extinct).
#20. Razor-Backed Musk Turtle
- Sternotherus carinatus
Identifying Characteristics:
- 4 to 5 inches long.
- The carapace is shaped like a tent, coming to a point along the spine and sloping downward on the sides.
- The coloring is light to dark brown, with darker down streaks.
The Razor-Backed Musk Turtle’s habitat is almost entirely in water – the only time they leave the water is to lay their eggs!
They prefer the deeper water of oxbow lakes, river swamps, and large streams with slow currents.
You can easily recognize a Razor-Backed Musk Turtle in Alabama by looking at its shell, which is high and pointed. It looks very similar to the roof of a tent!
#21. Loggerhead Musk Turtle
- Sternotherus minor
Identifying Characteristics:
- 3 to 4.5 inches long.
- The carapace is dark and often streaked, spotted, or blotched with yellowish-tan.
- Older male specimens have extremely large heads in relation to their bodies.
The Loggerhead Musk Turtle is the most recognizable musk turtle in Alabama! Its large head and beak-like mouth set it apart from many other turtle species – if you see one in the wild, it will be easy to tell what you’re looking at!
Loggerhead Musk Turtle Rangemap
Credit: United States Geological Survey (USGS)
Loggerhead Musk Turtles prefer springs and streams with muddy bottoms, where they rest and forage for food.
#22. Chicken Turtle
- Deiochelus reticularia
Identifying Characteristics:
- 4 to 6 inches long.
- Coloring is brown to black, with yellow or orange spots on the sides of the head.
- The neck is the longest of all North American turtles, except for soft-shell species.
Chicken Turtles are one of the most social turtles in Alabama!
They often swim or bask in groups and rarely travel or live alone. It’s most common to see groups of Chicken Turtles basking in the sun, as most of their other activity such as feeding and reproduction, happens underwater.
The preferred habitat of Chicken Turtles in Alabama is still water, such as ponds, ditches, or marshes. However, they are frequently seen on land, where they forage for food and bask in the sun.
Chicken Turtle Rangemap:
I was surprised to find out that Chicken Turtles were named because of the taste of their meat, which was a popular delicacy in the 1970s! Unfortunately, they are now an endangered species because of this popularity, though efforts have been started to protect the remaining population.
To see an example of how long their neck is, take a look at the video below!
Box Turtles in Alabama:
As you’ll read below, a couple of species on this list are not box turtles. However, because they’re also land dwellers, I have included them here. Hopefully, you will find them as interesting as I do!
#23. Eastern Box Turtle
- Terrapene carolina
Identifying Characteristics:
- 4.5 to 6 inches long.
- The carapace is high and domed, usually with a ridge along the center running from head to tail.
- Coloring is highly variable, but a pattern of olive, browns, and tans is almost always present.
The Eastern Box Turtle can live for over 100 years under the right conditions!
A typical lifespan for one in the wild or captivity is about 35 years. But in an optimal enclosure, one could live for much longer without the threat of predators or man-made hazards.
In Alabama, the habitat of the Eastern Box Turtle includes woodland areas and dense thickets. It prefers areas with lots of access to sunlight and food sources nearby.
Eastern Box Turtle Rangemap:
The vivid designs and relatively easygoing nature of Eastern Box Turtles make them attractive as pets; unfortunately, this contributes to their decline in population. These turtles require particular conditions to thrive in captivity. Special UV lighting, large tanks with fresh, clean water, vitamin and mineral supplements, and relatively deep substrate to burrow are just some of the requirements to keep them healthy as pets.
Because box turtles are often taken from the wild in Alabama for the pet trade, most states have prohibited the capture and sale of this species. Unfortunately, many pet turtles die due to poor conditions or are abandoned because they are too hard to care for.
The markings of the Eastern Box Turtle are so variable you may have a hard time recognizing one by the shell alone! Some have lines running from the center of each scute, and some have rings of dots that form a lace-like pattern. Other individuals’ lighter markings can merge so that the carapace is almost completely light-colored instead of the usual dark background! The video below demonstrates the huge variability!
Many people believe that the vivid coloring on the shell of the Eastern Box Turtle fades with age, but this is incorrect. The shell of most box turtles in captivity fades over time due to lack of natural sunlight!
#24. Three-Toed Box Turtle
- Terrapene triunguis
Identifying Characteristics:
- 4.5 to 5 inches long.
- Three toes on the hind limbs, instead of the usual four seen on other box turtles.
- The coloring of the domed carapace is uniform olive to brown, sometimes with light streaks or spots.
- Occasionally, a Three-Toed Box Turtle will also have bright orange or yellow spots on its legs and head.
Three-Toed Box Turtles live in woodlands, prairies, and thickets in southwestern Alabama. They are highly adaptable and thrive in most environments. In fact, they are the only species of box turtle that remains in good health in indoor enclosures as pets.
Three-Toed Box Turtle Rangemap:
There have been reports of people being sickened from eating “poisonous” Three-Toed Box Turtles.
While the turtles are not actually poisonous, it’s been theorized that the Three-Toed Box Turtle can eat poisonous mushrooms. The mushrooms don’t affect the turtles’ health, but the toxins from the mushrooms can stay in the turtles’ system and make predators sick!
#25. Gopher Tortoise
- Gopherus polyphemus
Identifying Characteristics:
- 6 to 9.5 inches long.
- The carapace is brown or tan, with grayish-brown skin that has orange or yellow blotches.
- Growth rings are easy to see in young individuals, but the carapace is very smooth in older tortoises.
The Gopher Tortoise is the ONLY tortoise in Alabama!
Gopher Tortoises live in sandy areas where burrowing into the soil is easy. They are scavenging herbivores and consume a variety of plants as long as they are easily accessible.
Gopher Tortoise Rangemap:
Gopher Tortoises face the threat of a declining population due mostly to human development of their habitat. You may even come across Gopher Tortoise Crossing signs, which are part of an effort to protect this species! In Alabama, rules and regulations limit land development containing Gopher Tortoises or their burrows, and it is illegal to relocate them without permission from Fish and Wildlife services.
The Gopher Tortoise makes extensive burrows in the sandy soil, which are used as shelter by up to 360 other species. Most notably, Gopher Tortoises often share their burrows with Eastern Diamond-backed Rattlesnakes!
Check out the video below to get a close look at a Gopher Tortoise burrow!
Sea Turtles in Alabama:
Because of their migratory nature and ability to range far into the ocean, sea turtles are not truly “native” to one part of the world. The sea turtle species below can be seen on the coast of Alabama.
#26. Green Sea Turtle
- Chelonia mydas
Identifying Characteristics:
- Weighs 150-420 lbs. and is 30 to 60+ inches long. However, some individuals have been recorded much larger, more than 600 lbs!
- The carapace is smooth, with 4 sections on each side.
- Coloring is olive, brown, or gray. Its name refers to a layer of green body fat found under its shell.
Green Sea Turtles live in coastal lagoons and bays throughout Alabama. Incredibly, they rarely come to shore except to lay their eggs, preferring to spend most of their time in the water. They are actually tough animals to see because they are extremely fast swimmers and prone to hiding or fleeing with any signs of danger.
Green Sea Turtle Rangemap:
Credit: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA Fisheries)
Did you know Green Sea Turtles use the Earth’s electromagnetic waves?
In a process known as Natal Homing, these incredible turtles use magnetic crystals in their brains to read the magnetic waves coming from the Earth. Then, they use this information to find the specific beach where they were hatched to lay their own eggs! Though it sounds like science fiction, it’s a common mechanism in many sea turtles.
One of the most concerning threats to Green Sea Turtle populations is climate change.
The warming of seawater is changing the migration & nesting pattern of the turtles. Interestingly, the sand temperature changes resulting from climate change also affect the ratio of male to female turtles, which can cause changes in breeding patterns and decreased hatch populations. Poaching, bycatch, nesting site loss, and disease are the other top threats to Green Sea Turtles.
#27. Loggerhead Sea Turtle
- Caretta caretta
Identifying Characteristics:
- The average weight is 300 lbs. and 35 inches long. Record Loggerhead Sea Turtles have reached over 1,000 lbs!
- The carapace coloring is red to orange-brown, edged in yellow. The belly is cream to dusky beige.
- The Loggerhead’s carapace sections are much more pronounced than any other sea turtle.
The Loggerhead Sea Turtle gets its name from its large, blunt head!
It uses its powerful jaws to feed on much harder prey than other sea turtles, such as whelks, conch, and other hard-shelled invertebrates.
In Alabama, Loggerhead Sea Turtles are rarely seen, mostly because they live where most people typically never visit. They love open oceans and can swim great distances between breeding seasons.
Loggerhead Sea Turtle Rangemap:
Credit: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA Fisheries)
The largest nesting population of Loggerhead Sea Turtles is right here in the USA! Unfortunately, most other nesting populations, such as ones in the Caribbean and Japan, have seen a recent steep decline – up to 90% of the total nesting population has declined in these regions. Part of the reason for the steep decline is that Loggerhead Sea Turtles don’t reach reproductive maturity until age 35!
The most concerning threat to Loggerhead Sea Turtles in Alabama is bycatch. This happens when they are unintentionally caught in a net or trap meant for fish or shrimp, which can cause the turtles to drown or be severely injured when they try to free themselves.
Loggerhead Sea Turtles have an interesting way of keeping their shells healthy. They allow fish to “clean” them by eating the barnacles and other parasites that live in their shells!
#28. Leatherback Sea Turtle
- Dermochelys coriacea
Identifying Characteristics:
- Weighs 600 to 2,000 lbs and is 48 to 96 inches long.
- The carapace is made of flexible, leathery skin, and the coloring is black to slate gray.
- The sections of the carapace are diamond-shaped, stretching the length of the body.
The Leatherback Sea Turtle is the largest sea turtle in Alabama!
It ranges all over the world into every ocean but prefers temperate to cooler water during most of its life. Leatherback Sea Turtles are highly migratory and will travel up to 10,000 miles per year between foraging and nesting grounds! Its hatching grounds in the USA range along the western coastline.
Leatherback Sea Turtle Rangemap:
Credit: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA Fisheries)
Like most sea turtles, Leatherback Sea Turtles face severe population decline and are listed as endangered in most countries. One of the primary threats to Leatherback Sea Turtles is the collection of their eggs for human consumption. Even though they are a protected species in most countries, poaching and illegal collection are still common.
One of the most interesting features of the Leatherback Sea Turtle is its speed; even though it is the largest living sea turtle, it’s also the fastest. Swimming speeds of nearly 22 miles per hour have been recorded! It uses this speed to travel great distances, often traveling over 3,600 miles between nesting and foraging grounds. Considering their size, they’re pretty fast on land too!
#29. Kemp’s Ridley Sea Turtle
- Lepidochelys kempii
Identifying Characteristics:
- Weighs 80 to 100 lbs and is 23 to 28 inches long.
- The carapace is nearly circular when seen from above, and usually a uniform olive green. The belly is yellowish.
- Young Kemp’s Ridley Sea Turtles are a uniform purple all over.
Kemp’s Ridley Sea Turtles live in the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean and can be found along the eastern coastline. They prefer shallow water with a sandy or muddy bottom.
Kemp’s Ridley Sea Turtle Rangemap:
Credit: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA Fisheries)
This species is the smallest sea turtle in Alabama!
Their size may be one reason they have a unique nesting strategy called arribada, where many nesting females gather offshore and come out of the water together, nesting in a tight group. Arribada nesting can help the nesting mothers protect each other from predators, and also helps more hatchlings make it to the open ocean.
Due to habitat loss, pollution, and injuries from fishing nets, Kemp’s Ridley Sea Turtles are the most critically endangered sea turtle species. Currently, their estimated nesting female population is less than 250 individuals. Intensive conservation efforts are underway, but populations have not increased since about 2010.
These sea turtles are particularly susceptible to casualties from oil spills. For example, almost all of the 156 sea turtles that died and 456 that were rescued from the Deepwater Horizon disaster were Kemp’s Ridleys.
#30. Hawksbill Sea Turtle
- Eretmochelys imbricata
Identifying Characteristics:
- Weighs 95 to 165 lbs and is 30 to 35 inches long.
- The carapace coloring is amber with irregular light and dark streaks. The coloring changes slightly with water temperature.
- Hawk-like, hooked beak.
Hawksbill Sea Turtles get their name from their hooked beak, which they use to reach into small crevices and pull out their prey. They primarily eat sea sponges but also prey on small fish, jellyfish, mollusks, and crustaceans.
The Hawksbill Sea Turtle lives in lagoons and coral reefs in the oceans around the world, preferring tropical and subtropical climates. It spends part of its life in the open sea but frequently returns to shallower water. In Alabama, Hawksbill Sea Turtles spend much of their time foraging in coral reefs.
Hawksbill Sea Turtle Rangemap:
Credit: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA Fisheries)
Hawksbill Sea Turtles are critically endangered due mostly to exploitation and consumption by humans. Commonly, “tortoiseshell” accessories and items are made from the shell of the Hawksbill, and while killing them is now illegal in most countries, poaching is still a serious threat. The threat of poaching is made worse because they only nest once every 1-5 years, much less than most other sea turtles.
They are the only sea turtle that prefers to nest on rocky beaches instead of the sand!
Hawksbills search for “pocket” beaches, small coves, or inlets surrounded by rocks when nesting. Then, they travel high up the beach and lay their eggs in the shelter created by plants.
Do you need additional help identifying turtles?
Try this field guide!
Which of these turtles have you seen in Alabama?
Leave a comment below!
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